Which of the following is NOT listed as a proximal warning factor associated with DVE?

• A. Grievances
• B. Moral outrage
• C. Justifications for violence
• D. External pressure from peers

Answer: (D)

Proximal warning factors are signs that someone is close to acting on violent intent, reflecting their immediate cognitive-emotional state and justification for violence. Grievances describe perceived injustices that fuel anger toward a target. Moral outrage indicates a heightened, righteous anger that can push someone to view violence as warranted. Justifications for violence are explicit reframing that makes violence seem permissible, which directly supports imminent action. External pressure from peers, while it can influence someone’s path, isn’t a proximal warning factor in this framework because it reflects social influence rather than the individual’s own near-term readiness. It may shape beliefs over time, but it doesn’t by itself signal imminent risk.